TY  - JOUR
AU  - Mai, X-M
AU  - Langhammer, A.
AU  - Chen, Y.
AU  - Camargo, C. A. J.
PY  - 2013
DA  - 2013//
TI  - Cod liver oil intake and incidence of asthma in Norwegian adults--the HUNT study
T2  - Thorax
JO  - Thorax
SP  - 25
EP  - 30
VL  - 68
IS  - 1
KW  - Adult
KW  - Age Distribution
KW  - Asthma/*epidemiology/*etiology/physiopathology
KW  - Cod Liver Oil/administration & dosage/*adverse effects
KW  - Cross-Sectional Studies
KW  - Dietary Supplements/*adverse effects
KW  - Dose-Response Relationship
KW  - Drug
KW  - Drug Administration Schedule
KW  - Female
KW  - Humans
KW  - Incidence
KW  - Logistic Models
KW  - Male
KW  - Multivariate Analysis
KW  - Norway/epidemiology
KW  - Odds Ratio
KW  - Questionnaires
KW  - Reference Values
KW  - Risk Assessment
KW  - Sex Distribution
KW  - Vitamin A/administration & dosage/*adverse effects
KW  - Young Adult
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cod liver oil is an important source of vitamin D, but also contains other fat-soluble components such as vitamin A. Before 1999, the cod liver oil formula in Norway contained a high concentration of vitamin A (1000 microg per 5 ml). High vitamin A status is associated with increased risks of several chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between cod liver oil intake and asthma development. METHODS: In the Nord-Trondelag Health Study, a total of 25 616 Norwegian adults aged 19-55 years were followed up from 1995-1997 to 2006-2008. Current analysis based on 17 528 subjects who were free of asthma and had complete information on cod liver oil intake at baseline. Cod liver oil intake was defined as daily intake >/= 1 month during the year prior to baseline. Incident asthma was reported as new-onset asthma during the 11-year follow-up. RESULTS: Of the 17 528 subjects, 18% (n=3076) consumed cod liver oil daily for >/= 1 month over the past year. Cod liver oil intake was significantly associated with incident asthma with an OR of 1.62 (95% CI 1.32 to 1.98) after adjustment for age, sex, daily smoking, physical activity, education, socio-economic status, family history of asthma, and body mass index (BMI). The positive association was consistent across age (< 40/>/= 40 years), sex (men/women), family history of asthma (yes/no) and BMI subgroups (< 25/>/= 25 kg/m(2)). CONCLUSIONS: Intake of cod liver oil with high vitamin A content was significantly associated with increased incidence of adult-onset asthma.
SN  - 0040-6376
UR  - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22977130
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202061
DO  - 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202061
LA  - English
N1  - PMID:22977130
ID  - Mai_etal2013
ER  -