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Gudmundsdottir, S. L., Flanders, W. D., & Augestad, L. B. (2013). Physical activity and age at menopause: the Nord-Trondelag population-based health study. Climacteric, 16(1), 78–87.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Age at menopause may affect women's subsequent morbidity and mortality. In contrast to numerous other health outcomes, little is known about the possible effects of physical activity on age at menopause. OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between leisure-time physical activity and age at menopause. METHODS: Premenopausal women participating in a population-based health survey (HUNT 2) conducted in the county of Nord-Trondelag, Norway reported their physical activity in the period of 1995-1997. Age at menopause was reported during 2006-2008 (HUNT 3). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios for menopause and logistic regression to estimate odds ratios for early menopause, with 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for age at menarche, parity, use of oral contraceptives prior to the 6 months preceding participation in HUNT 2, symptoms of depression, smoking status, and education. RESULTS: Women aged 40-49 years at baseline had lower hazard ratios for menopause when participating in any light leisure-time physical activity compared with no activity (p < 0.05) and similar results were observed in 19-39-year-olds. In 50-59-year-old women, the results varied greatly and did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of leisure-time physical activity on age at menopause may be age-dependent. We found indications of earlier menopause for the least active women aged 19-49 years at baseline.
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Iversen, M. M., Tell, G. S., Espehaug, B., Midthjell, K., Graue, M., Rokne, B., et al. (2015). Is depression a risk factor for diabetic foot ulcers?: 11-years follow-up of the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT). Journal of diabetes and its complications, 29(1), 20–25.
Abstract: AIM: To prospectively examine whether depressive symptoms increase the risk of diabetes and a diabetic foot ulcer. METHODS: The Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT) is a community-based longitudinal study. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D subscale) assessed depressive symptoms. We followed individuals with complete HADS-D data from HUNT2 (1995-97) and assessed whether they reported diabetes with or without a history of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) in HUNT3 (2006-08) (n=36,031). Logistic regression was used to investigate the effect of depressive symptoms on subsequent development of diabetes and of DFU. RESULTS: Unadjusted odds for reporting diabetes at follow-up was higher among individuals who reported a HADS-D score>/=8 at baseline (OR 1.30 95% CI, 1.07-1.57) than among those reporting a lower score. After adjusting for age, gender and BMI, this association was no longer significant. The odds of developing a DFU was almost two-fold (OR=1.95 95% CI, 1.02-3.74) for those reporting a HADS-D score of 8-10, and 3-fold (OR=3.06 95% CI, 1.24-7.54) for HADS-D scores>/=11, compared to HADS-D scores
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Madssen, E., Vatten, L., Nilsen, T. I., Midthjell, K., Wiseth, R., & Dale, A. C. (2012). Abnormal glucose regulation and gender-specific risk of fatal coronary artery disease in the HUNT 1 study. Scand Cardiovasc J, 46(4), 219–225.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess fatal coronary artery disease (CAD) by gender and glucose regulation status. DESIGN: 47,951 people were followed up according to fatal CAD identified in the National Cause of Death Registry. Gender-effects of fatal CAD in people with impaired glucose regulation (IGR), newly diagnosed diabetes (NDM) or known diabetes (KDM) compared with people with normal glucose regulation (NGR) were calculated using Cox regression. RESULTS: Using NGR as reference, the hazard ratios (HR, 95% confidence intervals) associated with IGR was 1.2 (0.8-1.9) for women and 1.2 (0.9-1.6) for men. The corresponding HRs were 1.6 (1.2-2.2) and 1.4 (1.1.-1.9) for NDM, and 2.5 (2.1-2.8) and 1.8 (1.6-2.1) for KDM. The gender-difference in mortality varied by category (P(interaction) = 0.003). Using women as the reference, the HRs for men were 2.1 (2.0-2.3) for NGR, 1.8 (1.0-3.3) for IGR, 1.6 (1.0-2.5) for NDM, and 1.2 (1.0-1.5) for KDM. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes mellitus, but not IGR, was associated with fatal CAD in both genders. The known gender-difference in CAD mortality was attenuated in people with abnormal glucose regulation, evident already in people with IGR.
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