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Felde, G., Ebbesen, M. H., & Hunskaar, S. (2017). Anxiety and depression associated with urinary incontinence. A 10-year follow-up study from the Norwegian HUNT study (EPINCONT). Neurourol Urodyn, 36(2), 322–328.
Abstract: AIMS: Firstly, to investigate the association between depression, anxiety and urinary incontinence (UI) in a 10-year longitudinal study of women. Secondly, to investigate the association between possible differences in the stress- and urgency components of UI and different severities of depression and anxiety by age groups. METHODS: In a longitudinal, population-based survey study, the EPINCONT part of the HUNT study in Norway, we analyzed questionnaire data on UI, depression and anxiety from 16,263 women from 20 years of age. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to predict the odds of developing anxiety and depression among the women with and without UI at baseline and the odds of developing UI among the women with and without anxiety or depression at baseline. RESULTS: For women with any UI at baseline we found an association with the incidence of depression and anxiety symptoms, OR 1.45 (1.23-1.72) and 1.26 (1.8-1.47) for mild depression and anxiety respectively. For women with depression or anxiety symptoms at baseline we found an association with the incidence of any UI with OR 2.09 (1.55-2.83) and 1.65 (1.34-2.03) for moderate/severe symptom-score for depression and anxiety, respectively, for the whole sample. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, both depression and anxiety are shown to be risk factors for developing UI with a dose-dependent trend. UI is associated with increased incidence of depression and anxiety. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:322-328, 2017. (c) 2015 The Authors. Neurourology and Urodynamics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Mauseth, S. A., Skurtveit, S., Skovlund, E., Langhammer, A., & Spigset, O. (2018). Medication use and association with urinary incontinence in women: Data from the Norwegian Prescription Database and the HUNT study. Neurourol Urodyn, 37(4), 1448–1457.
Abstract: AIMS: To investigate the association between medication use and urinary incontinence (UI) in women. METHODS: In a cross-sectional population-based study we analyzed questionnaire data on UI, including type and severity, from 21 735 women included in the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT) in Norway. These data were linked to data on filled prescriptions retrieved from the Norwegian Prescription Database. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds for having UI related to the number of filled prescriptions for selected drug groups during the 6 months prior to participation in HUNT, after adjustment for numerous confounding factors. RESULTS: Significant associations with UI were found for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and lamotrigine with OR 1.52 (1.30-1.78) and 2.73 (1.59-4.68) for two or more filled prescriptions. Both for SSRIs and lamotrigine, the associations were pronounced for mixed UI, whereas there were no clear-cut increased risk of stress UI and urgency UI. The relations were strongest in women with the most severe symptoms. One filled prescription of antipsychotics, but not two or more, was also found to be related to UI with OR 1.91 (1.35-2.71). No associations were found for benzodiazepines, zopiclone/zolpidem, beta blockers, and diuretics. CONCLUSIONS: The odds for having UI were found to be about 1.5-fold in women using SSRIs and almost threefold in women using lamotrigine. The association with lamotrigine has not been reported previously, and should be further evaluated in future studies.
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